switch bootloader protocol to stivale2, os now 64-bit (very buggy because i still havent updated the GDT and IDT) and on the higher half, framebuffer, drawing text on the framebuffer with a font loaded from a psf file

2021-07-02 21:49:20 +03:00 · 2021-07-02 21:49:20 +03:00 · ef1ee78320
parent e46c2dbf0a
commit ef1ee78320
23 changed files with 687 additions and 292 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -3,4 +3,7 @@ workspace.code-workspace
 *.o
 *.bin
 *.iso
-disk.img
+*.elf
+*.img
+sysroot/
+*.log
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[submodule "limine"]
+	path = limine
+	url = https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine.git
+	branch = v2.0-branch-binary
--- a/95
+++ b/95
@ -1,47 +1,68 @@
-TARGET = i686-elf
-ARCH = i386
-CC = $(TARGET)-gcc
-STRIP = $(TARGET)-strip
+KERNEL := hhhos.elf
+ISO := hhhos.iso
+
+CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
 NASM = nasm
-QEMU = qemu-system-i386
-MKDIR_P = mkdir -p
+ 
+# User controllable CFLAGS.
+CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -O3 -pipe
+NASMFLAGS = -felf64
+ 
+# Internal link flags that should not be changed by the user.
+INTERNALLDFLAGS :=     \
+	-fno-pic -fpie \
+	-Wl,-static,-pie,--no-dynamic-linker,-ztext \
+	-static-pie    \
+	-nostdlib      \
+	-Tlinker.ld    \
+	-z max-page-size=0x1000
+ 
+# Internal C flags that should not be changed by the user.
+INTERNALCFLAGS  :=           \
+	-Iinclude            \
+	-std=gnu11           \
+	-ffreestanding       \
+	-fno-stack-protector \
+	-fno-pic -fpie       \
+	-mno-80387           \
+	-mno-mmx             \
+	-mno-3dnow           \
+	-mno-sse             \
+	-mno-sse2            \
+	-mno-red-zone
+ 
+# Use find to glob all *.c files in the directory and extract the object names.
+CFILES := $(shell find ./arch -type f -name '*.c')
+OBJ := $(CFILES:.c=.o)
+OBJ += font.o

-CFLAGS += -std=gnu18 -ffreestanding -O2 -Wall -Wextra -mgeneral-regs-only
-LDFLAGS += -ffreestanding -O2 -nostdlib -lgcc
-NASMFLAGS += -felf32
+# Targets that do not actually build a file of the same name.
+.PHONY: all clean run

-BIN = sysroot/boot/hhhos.bin
-ISO = build/HhhOS.iso
+run: $(ISO)
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom $(ISO) -serial file:serial.log -drive id=disk,file=build/disk.img,if=none,format=raw -device ide-hd,drive=disk,bus=ide.0

-DIRS = build build/boot build/std build/drivers build/drivers/terminal build/drivers/idt build/drivers/device build/drivers/keyboard build/drivers/pic build/drivers/ide
+$(ISO): $(KERNEL)
+	mkdir -p sysroot
+	cp -v $(KERNEL) limine.cfg limine/limine.sys limine/limine-cd.bin limine/limine-eltorito-efi.bin sysroot/
+	xorriso -as mkisofs -b limine-cd.bin -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
+        --efi-boot limine-eltorito-efi.bin -efi-boot-part --efi-boot-image --protective-msdos-label \
+        sysroot -o $(ISO)

-OBJS = build/boot/boot.o build/boot/kernel.o build/std/string.o build/drivers/terminal/terminal.o build/drivers/idt/idt.o \
-build/drivers/idt/isr.o build/std/util.o build/drivers/device/device.o build/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.o build/drivers/pic/pic.o \
-build/drivers/ide/ide.o build/std/stdio.o
+# Default target.
+all: $(KERNEL)

-ARCHDIR = arch/$(ARCH)/
+# Link rules for the final kernel executable.
+$(KERNEL): $(OBJ)
+	$(CC) $(OBJ) -o $@ $(INTERNALLDFLAGS)

-.PHONY:	all run clean build
+# Compilation rules for *.c files.
+%.o: %.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INTERNALCFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

-dirs:
-	${MKDIR_P} ${DIRS}
-
-all:	dirs $(BIN)
-
-run:	$(ISO)
-	$(QEMU) -cdrom $(ISO) -drive id=disk,file=build/disk.img,if=none,format=raw -device ide-hd,drive=disk,bus=ide.0
-
-$(ISO): dirs $(BIN)
-	grub-mkrescue -o $(ISO) sysroot
-
-$(BIN):	$(OBJS)
-	$(CC) -T linker.ld -o $@ $^ $(LDFLAGS) 
-
-build/%.o:	$(ARCHDIR)%.c
-	$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -Iinclude -o $@ $<
-
-build/%.o:	$(ARCHDIR)%.asm
-	$(NASM) $(NASMFLAGS) -o $@ $<
+font.o:
+	objcopy -O elf64-x86-64 -B i386 -I binary font.psfu font.o

+# Remove object files and the final executable.
 clean:
-	rm -rf $(OBJS) $(BIN) $(ISO)
+	rm -rf $(KERNEL) $(OBJ) $(ISO)
--- a/arch/i386/boot/asm.asm
+++ b/arch/i386/boot/asm.asm
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+.intel_syntax noprefix
+
+.rodata
+gdt:
+.null:
+	dq 0x0
+.code:
+	dw 0xffff
+	dw 0x0000
+	db 0x00
+	db 10011010b
+	db 11001111b
+	db 0x00
+.data:
+	dw 0xffff
+	dw 0x0000
+	db 0x00
+	db 10010010b
+	db 11001111b
+	db 0x00
+.end:
+.descriptor:
+	dw .end - gdt - 1
+	dd gdt
+
+.text
+    .global gdt_load
+
+gdt_load:
+    push eax
+    lgdt [gdt.descriptor]
+    jmp 0x08:.loaded_cs
+.loaded_cs:
+    mov ax, 0x10
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+    pop eax
+    ret
--- a/arch/i386/boot/boot.asm
+++ b/arch/i386/boot/boot.asm
@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-; Declare constants for the multiboot header.
-MBALIGN  equ  1 << 0            ; align loaded modules on page boundaries
-MEMINFO  equ  1 << 1            ; provide memory map
-FLAGS    equ  MBALIGN | MEMINFO ; this is the Multiboot 'flag' field
-MAGIC    equ  0x1BADB002        ; 'magic number' lets bootloader find the header
-CHECKSUM equ -(MAGIC + FLAGS)   ; checksum of above, to prove we are multiboot
-
-; Declare a multiboot header that marks the program as a kernel. These are magic
-; values that are documented in the multiboot standard. The bootloader will
-; search for this signature in the first 8 KiB of the kernel file, aligned at a
-; 32-bit boundary. The signature is in its own section so the header can be
-; forced to be within the first 8 KiB of the kernel file.
-section .multiboot
-align 4
-	dd MAGIC
-	dd FLAGS
-	dd CHECKSUM
-
-; The multiboot standard does not define the value of the stack pointer register
-; (esp) and it is up to the kernel to provide a stack. This allocates room for a
-; small stack by creating a symbol at the bottom of it, then allocating 16384
-; bytes for it, and finally creating a symbol at the top. The stack grows
-; downwards on x86. The stack is in its own section so it can be marked nobits,
-; which means the kernel file is smaller because it does not contain an
-; uninitialized stack. The stack on x86 must be 16-byte aligned according to the
-; System V ABI standard and de-facto extensions. The compiler will assume the
-; stack is properly aligned and failure to align the stack will result in
-; undefined behavior.
-section .bss
-align 16
-stack_bottom:
-resb 16384 ; 16 KiB
-stack_top:
-
-section .rodata
-gdt:
-.null:
-	dq 0x0
-.code:
-	dw 0xffff
-	dw 0x0000
-	db 0x00
-	db 10011010b
-	db 11001111b
-	db 0x00
-.data:
-	dw 0xffff
-	dw 0x0000
-	db 0x00
-	db 10010010b
-	db 11001111b
-	db 0x00
-.end:
-.descriptor:
-	dw .end - gdt - 1
-	dd gdt
-code_segment equ gdt.code - gdt
-data_segment equ gdt.data - gdt
-
-; The linker script specifies _start as the entry point to the kernel and the
-; bootloader will jump to this position once the kernel has been loaded. It
-; doesn't make sense to return from this function as the bootloader is gone.
-; Declare _start as a function symbol with the given symbol size.
-section .text
-global _start:function (_start.end - _start)
-
-gdt_load:
-    push eax
-    lgdt [gdt.descriptor]
-    jmp 0x08:.loaded_cs
-.loaded_cs:
-    mov ax, 0x10
-    mov ds, ax
-    mov es, ax
-    mov fs, ax
-    mov gs, ax
-    mov ss, ax
-    pop eax
-    ret
-
-global load_page_directory
-load_page_directory:
-	push ebp
-	mov ebp, esp
-	mov eax, [esp + 8]
-	mov cr3, eax
-	mov esp, ebp
-	pop ebp
-	ret
-
-global enable_paging
-enable_paging:
-	push ebp
-	mov ebp, esp
-	mov eax, cr0
-	or eax, 80000001h
-	mov cr0, eax
-	mov esp, ebp
-	pop ebp
-	ret
-
-_start:
-	; The bootloader has loaded us into 32-bit protected mode on a x86
-	; machine. Interrupts are disabled. Paging is disabled. The processor
-	; state is as defined in the multiboot standard. The kernel has full
-	; control of the CPU. The kernel can only make use of hardware features
-	; and any code it provides as part of itself. There's no printf
-	; function, unless the kernel provides its own <stdio.h> header and a
-	; printf implementation. There are no security restrictions, no
-	; safeguards, no debugging mechanisms, only what the kernel provides
-	; itself. It has absolute and complete power over the machine.
-
-	; To set up a stack, we set the esp register to point to the top of our
-	; stack (as it grows downwards on x86 systems). This is necessarily done
-	; in assembly as languages such as C cannot function without a stack.
-	mov esp, stack_top
-
-	;now enable SSE and the like
-	mov eax, cr0
-	and ax, 0xFFFB		;clear coprocessor emulation CR0.EM
-	or ax, 0x2			;set coprocessor monitoring  CR0.MP
-	mov cr0, eax
-	mov eax, cr4
-	or ax, 3 << 9		;set CR4.OSFXSR and CR4.OSXMMEXCPT at the same time
-	mov cr4, eax
-
-	; This is a good place to initialize crucial processor state before the
-	; high-level kernel is entered. It's best to minimize the early
-	; environment where crucial features are offline. Note that the
-	; processor is not fully initialized yet: Features such as floating
-	; point instructions and instruction set extensions are not initialized
-	; yet. The GDT should be loaded here. Paging should be enabled here.
-	; C++ features such as global constructors and exceptions will require
-	; runtime support to work as well.
-	call gdt_load
-
-	; Enter the high-level kernel. The ABI requires the stack is 16-byte
-	; aligned at the time of the call instruction (which afterwards pushes
-	; the return pointer of size 4 bytes). The stack was originally 16-byte
-	; aligned above and we've since pushed a multiple of 16 bytes to the
-	; stack since (pushed 0 bytes so far) and the alignment is thus
-	; preserved and the call is well defined.
-    ; note, that if you are building on Windows, C functions may have "_" prefix in assembly: _kmain
-	extern kmain
-	call kmain
-
-	; If the system has nothing more to do, put the computer into an
-	; infinite loop. To do that:
-	; 1) Disable interrupts with cli (clear interrupt enable in eflags).
-	;    They are already disabled by the bootloader, so this is not needed.
-	;    Mind that you might later enable interrupts and return from
-	;    kmain (which is sort of nonsensical to do).
-	; 2) Wait for the next interrupt to arrive with hlt (halt instruction).
-	;    Since they are disabled, this will lock up the computer.
-	; 3) Jump to the hlt instruction if it ever wakes up due to a
-	;    non-maskable interrupt occurring or due to system management mode.
-	cli
-.hang:	hlt
-	jmp .hang
-.end:
--- a/arch/i386/boot/kernel.c
+++ b/arch/i386/boot/kernel.c
@ -1,16 +1,119 @@
-#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <stivale2.h>
+#include <std/inline.h>
+#include <std/util.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <std/stdio.h>
 #include <drivers/idt/isr.h>
 #include <drivers/keyboard/keyboard.h>
 #include <drivers/pic/pic.h>
 #include <drivers/device/device.h>
 #include <drivers/ide/ide.h>
+#include <framebuffer.h>
+#include <psf.h>

-uint8_t is_running = 1;
+// We need to tell the stivale bootloader where we want our stack to be.
+// We are going to allocate our stack as an uninitialised array in .bss.
+static uint8_t stack[4096];
+void kmain();
+
+bool is_running = true;
 int keyboard_descriptor = 0;
 int terminal_descriptor = 0;

+// stivale2 uses a linked list of tags for both communicating TO the
+// bootloader, or receiving info FROM it. More information about these tags
+// is found in the stivale2 specification.
+ 
+// We are now going to define a framebuffer header tag, which is mandatory when
+// using the stivale2 terminal.
+// This tag tells the bootloader that we want a graphical framebuffer instead
+// of a CGA-compatible text mode. Omitting this tag will make the bootloader
+// default to text mode, if available.
+static struct stivale2_header_tag_framebuffer framebuffer_hdr_tag = {
+    // Same as above.
+    .tag = {
+        .identifier = STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_FRAMEBUFFER_ID,
+        .next = 0
+    },
+    // set all the framebuffer specifics to 0 for it to pick the best it can.
+    .framebuffer_width  = 800,
+    .framebuffer_height = 600,
+    .framebuffer_bpp    = 32
+};
+ 
+// The stivale2 specification says we need to define a "header structure".
+// This structure needs to reside in the .stivale2hdr ELF section in order
+// for the bootloader to find it. We use this __attribute__ directive to
+// tell the compiler to put the following structure in said section.
+__attribute__((section(".stivale2hdr"), used))
+static struct stivale2_header stivale_hdr = {
+    // The entry_point member is used to specify an alternative entry
+    // point that the bootloader should jump to instead of the executable's
+    // ELF entry point. We do not care about that so we leave it zeroed.
+    .entry_point = 0,
+    // Let's tell the bootloader where our stack is.
+    // We need to add the sizeof(stack) since in x86(_64) the stack grows
+    // downwards.
+    .stack = (uintptr_t)stack + sizeof(stack),
+    // Bit 1, if set, causes the bootloader to return to us pointers in the
+    // higher half, which we likely want.
+    .flags = (1 << 1),
+    // This header structure is the root of the linked list of header tags and
+    // points to the first one in the linked list.
+    .tags = (uintptr_t)&framebuffer_hdr_tag
+};
+ 
+// We will now write a helper function which will allow us to scan for tags
+// that we want FROM the bootloader (structure tags).
+void *stivale2_get_tag(struct stivale2_struct *stivale2_struct, uint64_t id) {
+    struct stivale2_tag *current_tag = (void *)stivale2_struct->tags;
+    for (;;) {
+        // If the tag pointer is NULL (end of linked list), we did not find
+        // the tag. Return NULL to signal this.
+        if (current_tag == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+ 
+        // Check whether the identifier matches. If it does, return a pointer
+        // to the matching tag.
+        if (current_tag->identifier == id) {
+            return current_tag;
+        }
+ 
+        // Get a pointer to the next tag in the linked list and repeat.
+        current_tag = (void *)current_tag->next;
+    }
+}
+
+framebuffer_t *framebuffer;
+
+// The following will be our kernel's entry point.
+void _start(struct stivale2_struct *stivale2_struct) {
+    struct stivale2_struct_tag_framebuffer *tagfb = stivale2_get_tag(stivale2_struct, STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_FRAMEBUFFER_ID);
+    
+    if (tagfb == NULL) {
+        printf("Requested stivale2 tags were not found, hanging...");
+        for (;;) {
+            asm ("hlt");
+        }
+    }
+    framebuffer->address = (uint8_t*)tagfb->framebuffer_addr;
+    framebuffer->width = tagfb->framebuffer_width;
+    framebuffer->height = tagfb->framebuffer_height;
+    framebuffer->depth = tagfb->framebuffer_bpp;
+    framebuffer->pitch = tagfb->framebuffer_pitch;
+    framebuffer->pixelwidth = tagfb->framebuffer_bpp / 8;
+
+	terminal_descriptor = terminal_initialize(framebuffer);
+    printf("Terminal initialized, descriptor: %d\n", terminal_descriptor);
+
+    printf("Framebuffer | addr: %#X, width: %d, height: %d, depth: %d, pitch: %d\n", framebuffer->address, framebuffer->width, framebuffer->height, framebuffer->depth, framebuffer->pitch, framebuffer->pixelwidth);
+    
+    kmain();
+}
+
 void shell() {
    printf("hello yes");

@ -18,7 +121,7 @@ void shell() {
        printf("\n> ");

        while (true) {
-            unsigned char scancode = read(keyboard_descriptor, NULL);
+            uint32_t scancode = (uint32_t)read(keyboard_descriptor, NULL);
            if (!scancode) continue;

            bool special = true;
@ -56,46 +159,55 @@ extern void enable_paging();

 uint32_t page_directory[1024] __attribute__((aligned(4096)));
 uint32_t first_page_table[1024] __attribute__((aligned(4096)));
+uint32_t second_page_table[1024] __attribute__((aligned(4096)));

-void kmain() {
-    //set each entry to not present
+#define PAGE_PRESENT 1 << 0
+#define PAGE_WRITABLE 1 << 1
+#define PAGE_USER 1 << 2
+#define PAGE_WRITE_THROUGH 1 << 3
+#define PAGE_CACHE_DISABLE 1 << 4
+#define PAGE_ACCESSED 1 << 5
+#define PAGE_DIRTY 1 << 6
+#define PAGE_LARGE 1 << 7
+#define PAGE_GLOBAL 1 << 8
+/*
+void setup_paging() {
+    // set each entry to not present
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
-        // This sets the following flags to the pages:
-        //   Supervisor: Only kernel-mode can access them
-        //   Write Enabled: It can be both read from and written to
-        //   Not Present: The page table is not present
-        page_directory[i] = 0x00000002;
+        page_directory[i] = 0;
    }

    // i holds the physical address where we want to start mapping these pages to.
    // in this case, we want to map these pages to the very beginning of memory.
    // we will fill all 1024 entries in the table, mapping 4 megabytes
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
-        // As the address is page aligned, it will always leave 12 bits zeroed.
-        // Those bits are used by the attributes ;)
-        first_page_table[i] = (i * 0x1000) | 3; // attributes: supervisor level, read/write, present.
+        first_page_table[i] = (i * 0x1000) | PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITABLE;
    }

-    // attributes: supervisor level, read/write, present
-    page_directory[0] = ((uint32_t)first_page_table) | 3;
+    page_directory[0] = ((uint32_t)first_page_table) | PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITABLE;

-    load_page_directory(page_directory);
+    load_page_directory((uint32_t)page_directory);
    enable_paging();
+}
+*/
+void kmain() {
+    //setup_paging();

-	terminal_descriptor = terminal_initialize();
-    printf("Terminal initialized, descriptor: %d\n", terminal_descriptor);
    printf("Preparing interrupts... ");
    pic_init();
    isr_install();
    printf("done\n");
+    
+    printf("Preparing IDE driver... \n");
+    printf("Searching for IDE devices... \n");
+    ide_init();
+
+    fillrect(framebuffer, 500, 200, 100, 100, 0x00FFD5FF);
+    fillrect(framebuffer, 600, 300, 100, 100, 0xFF00D5FF);

    keyboard_descriptor = keyboard_init();
    printf("Keyboard ready, descriptor: %d\n", keyboard_descriptor);

-    printf("Preparing IDE driver... \n");
-    printf("Searching for IDE devices... \n");
-    ide_init();
-    
    printf("Are interrupts enabled? ");
    if (are_interrupts_enabled() == 1) {
        printf("yes\n");
@ -103,8 +215,8 @@ void kmain() {
        printf("no\n");
    }

-    printf("kmain memory address: %p\n", kmain);
+    printf("kmain memory address: %#X\n", (unsigned int)kmain);

    printf("----------\n");
    shell();
-}
+}
--- a/arch/i386/drivers/framebuffer.c
+++ b/arch/i386/drivers/framebuffer.c
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include <framebuffer.h>
+#include <std/stdio.h>
+
+void putpixel(framebuffer_t *framebuffer, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint32_t color) {
+    if (color & 255 == 0) return;
+    uint64_t where = x * framebuffer->pixelwidth + y * framebuffer->pitch;
+    framebuffer->address[where] = (color >> 8) & 255; // BLUE
+    framebuffer->address[where + 1] = (color >> 16) & 255; // GREEN
+    framebuffer->address[where + 2] = (color >> 24) & 255; // RED
+}
+
+void fillrect(framebuffer_t *framebuffer, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint16_t w, uint16_t h, uint32_t color) {
+    if (color & 255 == 0) return;
+    uint8_t* where;
+    uint32_t pw = framebuffer->pixelwidth;
+    for (uint16_t i = y; i < h + y; i++) {
+        where = (uint8_t*)((uint64_t)framebuffer->address + framebuffer->pitch * i);
+        for (uint16_t j = x; j < w + x; j++) {
+            where[j * pw] = (color >> 8) & 255; // BLUE
+            where[j * pw + 1] = (color >> 16) & 255; // GREEN
+            where[j * pw + 2] = (color >> 24) & 255; // RED
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/arch/i386/drivers/ide/ide.c
+++ b/arch/i386/drivers/ide/ide.c
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void ide_read_buffer(unsigned char channel, unsigned char reg,
    if (reg > 0x07 && reg < 0x0C)
        ide_write(channel, ATA_REG_CONTROL, 0x80 | channels[channel].nIEN);

-    asm("pushw %es; movw %ds, %ax; movw %ax, %es");
+    //asm("pushw %es; movw %ds, %ax; movw %ax, %es");

    if (reg < 0x08)
        insl(channels[channel].base + reg - 0x00, buffer, quads);
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ void ide_read_buffer(unsigned char channel, unsigned char reg,
    else if (reg < 0x16)
        insl(channels[channel].bmide + reg - 0x0E, buffer, quads);

-    asm("popw %es;");
+    //asm("popw %es;");

    if (reg > 0x07 && reg < 0x0C)
        ide_write(channel, ATA_REG_CONTROL, channels[channel].nIEN);
--- a/arch/i386/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.c
+++ b/arch/i386/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.c
@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ unsigned char keyboard_buffer_pop_key() {
    return scancode;
 }

-
 unsigned char keyboard_get_key_from_scancode(unsigned char scancode) {
    return kbdus[scancode];
 }
@ -80,12 +79,12 @@ uint8_t keyboard_enabled(void) {
    return __kbd_enabled;
 }

-void* keyboard_read(void* data) {
-    return keyboard_buffer_pop_key();
+void* keyboard_read() {
+    return (void*) keyboard_buffer_pop_key();
 }

-void* keyboard_write(void* data) {
-    return -1;
+void* keyboard_write() {
+    return (void*) -1;
 }

 int keyboard_init(void) {
--- a/arch/i386/drivers/psf.c
+++ b/arch/i386/drivers/psf.c
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include <psf.h>
+
+// c is a unicode character, cx and cy are cursor position in characters
+void draw_psf_char(framebuffer_t *framebuffer, uint32_t c, uint16_t cx, uint16_t cy, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg) {
+    PSF_font *font = (PSF_font*)&_binary_font_psfu_start;
+    // we need to know how many bytes encode one row
+    int bytesperline = (font->width + 7) / 8;
+    // get the glyph for the character. If there's no
+    // glyph for a given character, we'll display the first glyph. 
+    uint8_t *glyph = (uint8_t*)&_binary_font_psfu_start + font->headersize + 
+        (c > 0 && c < font->numglyph ? c : 0) * font->bytesperglyph;
+    // calculate the upper left corner on screen where we want to display.
+    // we only do this once, and adjust the whereet later. This is faster.
+    int where = (cy * font->height * framebuffer->pitch) + (cx * (font->width + 1) * 4);
+    // finally display pixels according to the bitmap
+    int x, y, line, mask;
+    for (y = 0; y < font->height; y++) {
+        // save the starting position of the line
+        line = where;
+        mask = 1 << (font->width - 1);
+        // display a row
+        for (x = 0; x < font->width; x++) {
+            *((uint32_t*)(framebuffer->address + line)) = *((uint32_t*)glyph) & mask ? fg : bg;
+            // adjust to the next pixel
+            mask >>= 1;
+            line += 4;
+        }
+        // adjust to the next line
+        glyph += bytesperline;
+        where += framebuffer->pitch;
+    }
+}
--- a/arch/i386/drivers/tar/tar.c
+++ b/arch/i386/drivers/tar/tar.c
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <drivers/tar/tar.h>
 #include <std/util.h>
 #include <drivers/device/device.h>
-
+/*
 struct tar_header* tar_seek(int fd, char filename[100]) {
    unsigned int i;
    unsigned int addr;
@ -15,4 +15,5 @@ struct tar_header* tar_seek(int fd, char filename[100]) {
        addr += ((size / 512) + 1);
        if (size % 512) addr++;
    }
-}
+}
+*/
--- a/arch/i386/drivers/terminal/terminal.c
+++ b/arch/i386/drivers/terminal/terminal.c
@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 size_t terminal_row;
 size_t terminal_column;
 uint8_t terminal_color;
-uint16_t* terminal_buffer;
+uint16_t *terminal_buffer;
+framebuffer_t *terminal_framebuffer;

-void terminal_clear(void) {
+void terminal_clear() {
 	for (size_t y = 0; y < VGA_HEIGHT; y++) {
 		for (size_t x = 0; x < VGA_WIDTH; x++) {
 			const size_t index = y * VGA_WIDTH + x;
@ -35,10 +36,11 @@ void* terminal_devwrite(void* data) {
    return NULL;
 }

-int terminal_initialize(void) {
+int terminal_initialize(framebuffer_t *terminal_fb) {
+	terminal_framebuffer = terminal_fb;
 	terminal_row = 0;
 	terminal_column = 0;
-	terminal_color = vga_entry_color(VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_GREY, VGA_COLOR_BLACK);
+	terminal_color = vga_entry_color(VGA_COLOR_BLACK, VGA_COLOR_WHITE);
 	terminal_buffer = (uint16_t*) 0xB8000;
 	terminal_clear();

@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ void terminal_clearlines(size_t from, size_t to) {
 	}
 }

-void terminal_updatecursor(void) {
+void terminal_updatecursor() {
 	size_t temp = terminal_row * VGA_WIDTH + terminal_column;
 	outportb(0x3D4, 14);
 	outportb(0x3D5, temp >> 8);
@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ void terminal_updatecursor(void) {
 	outportb(0x3D5, temp);
 }

-void terminal_scrollup(void) {
+void terminal_scrollup() {
    for (size_t index = 0; index < VGA_WIDTH * (VGA_HEIGHT - 1); index++) {
    	terminal_buffer[index] = terminal_buffer[index + VGA_WIDTH];
    }
@ -92,17 +94,19 @@ void terminal_scrollup(void) {
    terminal_updatecursor();
 }

-void terminal_checknewline(void) {
+void terminal_checknewline() {
 	if (terminal_row >= VGA_HEIGHT - 1) {
 		terminal_scrollup();
 	}
 }

 void terminal_putentryat(char c, uint8_t color, size_t x, size_t y) {
-	terminal_buffer[y * VGA_WIDTH + x] = vga_entry(c, color);
+	//terminal_buffer[y * VGA_WIDTH + x] = vga_entry(c, color);
+    draw_psf_char(terminal_framebuffer, c, x, y, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0);
 }

 void terminal_putchar(char c) {
+	outportb(0x3F8, c); // log terminal to serial.log when running on qemu
 	switch (c) {
 		case '\b':
 			if (--terminal_column < 0) {
--- a/font.psfu
+++ b/font.psfu
--- a/include/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.h
+++ b/include/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.h
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ extern "C" {

 int keyboard_init(void);
 uint8_t keyboard_enabled(void);
+unsigned char keyboard_get_key_from_scancode(unsigned char scancode);

 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
--- a/include/drivers/terminal/terminal.h
+++ b/include/drivers/terminal/terminal.h
@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <std/string.h>
 #include <std/inline.h>
+#include <drivers/ide/ide.h>
+#include <psf.h>

 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
@ -29,11 +31,11 @@ enum vga_color {
 	VGA_COLOR_WHITE = 15,
 };

-static inline uint8_t vga_entry_color(enum vga_color const fg, enum vga_color const bg) {
-	return fg | bg << 4;
+static inline uint8_t vga_entry_color(const enum vga_color fg, const enum vga_color bg) {
+	return fg | (bg << 4);
 }

-static inline uint16_t vga_entry(unsigned char const uc, uint8_t const color) {
+static inline uint16_t vga_entry(const uint8_t uc, const uint8_t color) {
 	return (uint16_t) uc | (uint16_t) color << 8;
 }

@ -43,25 +45,25 @@ static const size_t VGA_HEIGHT = 25;
 extern size_t terminal_row;
 extern size_t terminal_column;
 extern uint8_t terminal_color;
-extern uint16_t* terminal_buffer;
+extern uint16_t *terminal_buffer;

-void terminal_clear(void);
-int terminal_initialize(void);
+void terminal_clear();
+int terminal_initialize(framebuffer_t *terminal_fb);
 void terminal_setcolor(uint8_t color);
 void terminal_clearline(size_t line);
 void terminal_clearlines(size_t from, size_t to);
-void terminal_updatecursor(void);
-void terminal_scrollup(void);
-void terminal_checknewline(void);
+void terminal_updatecursor();
+void terminal_scrollup();
+void terminal_checknewline();
 void terminal_putentryat(char c, uint8_t color, size_t x, size_t y);
 void terminal_putchar(char c);
 void terminal_write(const char* data, size_t size);

-static inline void terminal_writestring(const char* data) {
+static inline void terminal_writestring(const char *data) {
 	terminal_write(data, strlen(data));
 }

-static inline void terminal_writeline(const char* data) {
+static inline void terminal_writeline(const char *data) {
 	terminal_writestring(data);
 	terminal_putchar('\n');
 }
--- a/include/framebuffer.h
+++ b/include/framebuffer.h
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t *address;
+    uint32_t width;
+    uint32_t height;
+    uint32_t depth;
+    uint32_t pitch;
+    uint32_t pixelwidth;
+} framebuffer_t;
+
+void putpixel(framebuffer_t *framebuffer, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint32_t color);
+void fillrect(framebuffer_t *framebuffer, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint16_t w, uint16_t h, uint32_t color);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
--- a/include/psf.h
+++ b/include/psf.h
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <framebuffer.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define PSF_FONT_MAGIC 0x864ab572
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t magic;         /* magic bytes to identify PSF */
+    uint32_t version;       /* zero */
+    uint32_t headersize;    /* whereet of bitmaps in file, 32 */
+    uint32_t flags;         /* 0 if there's no unicode table */
+    uint32_t numglyph;      /* number of glyphs */
+    uint32_t bytesperglyph; /* size of each glyph */
+    uint32_t height;        /* height in pixels */
+    uint32_t width;         /* width in pixels */
+} PSF_font;
+
+// these are linked using objcopy
+extern char _binary_font_psfu_start;
+extern char _binary_font_psfu_end;
+
+// c is a unicode character, cx and cy are cursor position in characters
+void draw_psf_char(framebuffer_t *framebuffer, uint32_t c, uint16_t cx, uint16_t cy, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
--- a/include/std/inline.h
+++ b/include/std/inline.h
@ -7,15 +7,15 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif

-static inline void outportb(uint16_t const port, uint8_t const val) {
+static inline void outportb(const uint16_t port, const uint8_t val) {
    asm volatile ( "outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port) );
 }

-static inline void outportw(uint16_t const port, uint16_t const val) {
+static inline void outportw(const uint16_t port, const uint16_t val) {
    asm volatile ( "outw %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port) );
 }

-static inline void outportl(uint16_t const port, uint32_t const val) {
+static inline void outportl(const uint16_t port, const uint32_t val) {
    asm volatile ( "outl %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port) );
 }

@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ static inline void outportsm(unsigned short port, unsigned char* data, unsigned
    asm volatile ("rep outsw" : "+S" (data), "+c" (size) : "d" (port));
 }

-static inline uint8_t inportb(uint16_t const port) {
+static inline uint8_t inportb(const uint16_t port) {
 	uint8_t ret;
    asm volatile ( "inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port) );
    return ret;
 }

-static inline uint16_t inportw(uint16_t const port) {
+static inline uint16_t inportw(const uint16_t port) {
 	uint16_t ret;
    asm volatile ( "inw %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port) );
    return ret;
 }

-static inline uint32_t inportl(uint16_t const port) {
+static inline uint32_t inportl(const uint16_t port) {
 	uint32_t ret;
    asm volatile ( "inl %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port) );
    return ret;
--- a/include/stivale2.h
+++ b/include/stivale2.h
@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+#ifndef __STIVALE__STIVALE2_H__
+#define __STIVALE__STIVALE2_H__
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct stivale2_tag {
+    uint64_t identifier;
+    uint64_t next;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+/* --- Header --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/*  Information passed from the kernel to the bootloader                      */
+
+struct stivale2_header {
+    uint64_t entry_point;
+    uint64_t stack;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint64_t tags;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_FRAMEBUFFER_ID 0x3ecc1bc43d0f7971
+
+struct stivale2_header_tag_framebuffer {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_width;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_height;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_bpp;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_FB_MTRR_ID 0x4c7bb07731282e00
+
+#define STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_TERMINAL_ID 0xa85d499b1823be72
+
+struct stivale2_header_tag_terminal {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t flags;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_SMP_ID 0x1ab015085f3273df
+
+struct stivale2_header_tag_smp {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t flags;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_5LV_PAGING_ID 0x932f477032007e8f
+
+#define STIVALE2_HEADER_TAG_UNMAP_NULL_ID 0x92919432b16fe7e7
+
+/* --- Struct --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/*  Information passed from the bootloader to the kernel                      */
+
+struct stivale2_struct {
+#define STIVALE2_BOOTLOADER_BRAND_SIZE 64
+    char bootloader_brand[STIVALE2_BOOTLOADER_BRAND_SIZE];
+
+#define STIVALE2_BOOTLOADER_VERSION_SIZE 64
+    char bootloader_version[STIVALE2_BOOTLOADER_VERSION_SIZE];
+
+    uint64_t tags;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_CMDLINE_ID 0xe5e76a1b4597a781
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_cmdline {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t cmdline;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_MEMMAP_ID 0x2187f79e8612de07
+
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_USABLE                 1
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_RESERVED               2
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE       3
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_ACPI_NVS               4
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_BAD_MEMORY             5
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_BOOTLOADER_RECLAIMABLE 0x1000
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_KERNEL_AND_MODULES     0x1001
+#define STIVALE2_MMAP_FRAMEBUFFER            0x1002
+
+struct stivale2_mmap_entry {
+    uint64_t base;
+    uint64_t length;
+    uint32_t type;
+    uint32_t unused;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_memmap {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t entries;
+    struct stivale2_mmap_entry memmap[];
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_FRAMEBUFFER_ID 0x506461d2950408fa
+
+#define STIVALE2_FBUF_MMODEL_RGB 1
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_framebuffer {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t framebuffer_addr;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_width;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_height;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_pitch;
+    uint16_t framebuffer_bpp;
+    uint8_t  memory_model;
+    uint8_t  red_mask_size;
+    uint8_t  red_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t  green_mask_size;
+    uint8_t  green_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t  blue_mask_size;
+    uint8_t  blue_mask_shift;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_EDID_ID 0x968609d7af96b845
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_edid {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t edid_size;
+    uint8_t  edid_information[];
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_FB_MTRR_ID 0x6bc1a78ebe871172
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_TERMINAL_ID 0xc2b3f4c3233b0974
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_terminal {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint32_t flags;
+    uint16_t cols;
+    uint16_t rows;
+    uint64_t term_write;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_MODULES_ID 0x4b6fe466aade04ce
+
+struct stivale2_module {
+    uint64_t begin;
+    uint64_t end;
+
+#define STIVALE2_MODULE_STRING_SIZE 128
+    char string[STIVALE2_MODULE_STRING_SIZE];
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_modules {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t module_count;
+    struct stivale2_module modules[];
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_RSDP_ID 0x9e1786930a375e78
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_rsdp {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t rsdp;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_EPOCH_ID 0x566a7bed888e1407
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_epoch {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t epoch;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_FIRMWARE_ID 0x359d837855e3858c
+
+#define STIVALE2_FIRMWARE_BIOS (1 << 0)
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_firmware {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t flags;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_EFI_SYSTEM_TABLE_ID 0x4bc5ec15845b558e
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_efi_system_table {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t system_table;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_KERNEL_FILE_ID 0xe599d90c2975584a
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_kernel_file {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t kernel_file;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_KERNEL_SLIDE_ID 0xee80847d01506c57
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_kernel_slide {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t kernel_slide;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_SMBIOS_ID 0x274bd246c62bf7d1
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_smbios {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint64_t smbios_entry_32;
+    uint64_t smbios_entry_64;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_SMP_ID 0x34d1d96339647025
+
+struct stivale2_smp_info {
+    uint32_t processor_id;
+    uint32_t lapic_id;
+    uint64_t target_stack;
+    uint64_t goto_address;
+    uint64_t extra_argument;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_smp {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint32_t bsp_lapic_id;
+    uint32_t unused;
+    uint64_t cpu_count;
+    struct stivale2_smp_info smp_info[];
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_PXE_SERVER_INFO 0x29d1e96239247032
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_pxe_server_info {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint32_t server_ip;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_MMIO32_UART 0xb813f9b8dbc78797
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_mmio32_uart {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t addr;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_DTB 0xabb29bd49a2833fa
+
+struct stivale2_struct_tag_dtb {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t addr;
+    uint64_t size;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#define STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_VMAP 0xb0ed257db18cb58f
+
+struct stivale2_struct_vmap {
+    struct stivale2_tag tag;
+    uint64_t addr;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+#endif
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 2862a261450af7cb2b1504b5a3ed15c32759deaa
--- a/limine.cfg
+++ b/limine.cfg
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Timeout in seconds that Limine will use before automatically booting.
+TIMEOUT=5
+ 
+# The entry name that will be displayed in the boot menu
+:HhhOS
+ 
+# Change the protocol line depending on the used protocol.
+PROTOCOL=stivale2
+ 
+# Path to the kernel to boot. boot:/// represents the partition on which limine.cfg is located.
+KERNEL_PATH=boot:///hhhos.elf
+ 
+# Remove the following line to enable kernel address layout randomisation.
+KASLR=no
--- a/linker.ld
+++ b/linker.ld
@ -1,43 +1,34 @@
-/* The bootloader will look at this image and start execution at the symbol
-   designated as the entry point. */
+/* Tell the linker that we want the symbol _start to be our entry point */
 ENTRY(_start)
 
-/* Tell where the various sections of the object files will be put in the final
-   kernel image. */
 SECTIONS
 {
-	/* Begin putting sections at 1 MiB, a conventional place for kernels to be
-	   loaded at by the bootloader. */
-	. = 1M;
+    /* We wanna be placed in the higher half, 2MiB above 0 in physical memory. */
+    /* Since we are going to use PIE, this is just the base load address, but the */
+    /* bootloader will be able to relocate us as it sees fit. */
+    . = 0xffffffff80200000;
 
-	/* First put the multiboot header, as it is required to be put very early
-	   early in the image or the bootloader won't recognize the file format.
-	   Next we'll put the .text section. */
-	.text BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
-	{
-		*(.multiboot)
-		*(.text)
-	}
+    /* We place the .stivale2hdr section containing the header in its own section, */
+    /* and we use the KEEP directive on it to make sure it doesn't get discarded. */
+    .stivale2hdr : {
+        KEEP(*(.stivale2hdr))
+    }
 
-	/* Read-only data. */
-	.rodata BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
-	{
-		*(.rodata)
-	}
+    /* Then let's place all the other traditional executable sections afterwards. */
+    .text : {
+        *(.text*)
+    }
 
-	/* Read-write data (initialized) */
-	.data BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
-	{
-		*(.data)
-	}
+    .rodata : {
+        *(.rodata*)
+    }
 
-	/* Read-write data (uninitialized) and stack */
-	.bss BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
-	{
-		*(COMMON)
-		*(.bss)
-	}
+    .data : {
+        *(.data*)
+    }
 
-	/* The compiler may produce other sections, by default it will put them in
-	   a segment with the same name. Simply add stuff here as needed. */
+    .bss : {
+        *(COMMON)
+        *(.bss*)
+    }
 }
--- a/sysroot/boot/grub/grub.cfg
+++ b/sysroot/boot/grub/grub.cfg
@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-menuentry "HhhOS" {
-	multiboot /boot/hhhos.bin
-}
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Subproject commit 2862a261450af7cb2b1504b5a3ed15c32759deaa`